The Ultimate Enzymes

Alien asked:


Bodybuilding is necessary for the heavyweight lifters and body builders. So mostly they are the buyers of Bodybuilding supplements. Other than them, the people who want to low down their body fats are also the users of the Body Building Supplements. These not only helps in building our body but also aid in improving the performance of the body. There are two types of Body building Supplements- the exercise supplements and the dietary supplements. Dietary Supplements contain amino acids and other nutrients those are required to build a body. Exercise Supplements are those that help to increase the nutrient level of the body. Now a days the players commonly used creatine as bodybuilding Supplements since this product provides them instantaneous strength and saturate their muscles in such a way that they can perform in a higher level without getting weak.

Digestive Enzymes present in Bodybuilding Supplements

Body Building Supplements mostly include egg, meat, milk and milk products and soy proteins. The supplements when taken regularly help in bodybuilding by promoting tissue growth. After the vigorous activities of exercises intake is very important. Enzymes are one of the main components that are present in the bodybuilding supplements. In order to digest and absorb food Enzymes play the prime role. The digestive Enzymes secreted in our alimentary canal break down carbohydrates and lipids of the food. The enzymes can be secreted from the digestive glands as well as from the hormones. The digestive glands of our body are pancreas, liver and small and large intestine.

Proper Dose of Bodybuilding Supplements

Before using the Body Building supplements doctors should be consulted for necessary advice since these might not suit all individual’s body type. In cases of malnutrition ions and whenever there is problem with absorption of digested foods, the body building supplements are often used. They are present in all the food products, especially in fruits and vegetables. When food is prepared at very high and low temperatures the bodybuilding supplements present in the food material are destroyed. So it should be kept in mind before cooking food that the food should be cooked in such a manner that the vitamins and mineral content of the food retained its original value. The other things to be noticed are the intake of them in proper quantity as per the instruction of the doctor and trainer. Researches are going on to make body building supplements which are best for future use.

Dr. Randy Wysong asked:


Fatty acids exist in the body primarily as triglycerides and phospholipids. Phospholipids make up the bilipid membrane of cells and the membranes of organelles within the cytoplasm. Fatty acids are split from the triglyceride glycerol backbone and broken down into carbon fragments which are then oxidized to provide energy. Usually, just the 16 carbon fatty acids or shorter are metabolized in this fashion.

[ Fatty Acid Break Down Image ]

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Fatty acids 16 carbons and longer from the omega-3 and -6 families can undergo the formation of double bonds and chain lengthening to create compounds called eicosanoids. These substances are autacoids, evanescent compounds which exert their effects locally in the microenvironment of the tissues where they are generated.1 Eicosanoids are cyclic oxygenated derivatives of fatty acids consisting of prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes, prostacyclines, and lipoxins which are the moderators of life processes at the microcellular and tissue level (Fig. 14). They are intermediate between biochemicals and hormones. Their presence in extremely small nano and pico molar amounts exerts effects which are more powerful by many fold than various potent organ level hormones.

[ Functions Of Eicosanoids Image ]

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Eicosanoids are regulatory, turning various life processes on and off. For example, eicosanoids can stimulate the clotting mechanism when blood vessels are injured, but they can also stop the clotting mechanism so it does not proceed to the point where circulation other than at the local site of injury is impaired.

Eicosanoids must exist in precise balances for life to continue without the presence of disease. Since the various eicosanoids are produced from dietary fatty acids, modifying the diet can shift eicosanoid balances. Overconsumption of one kind of fatty acid may overproduce one kind of eicosanoid. Its effect will then become predominant and not be properly balanced by its antagonistic eicosanoid and thus disease may result. For example, the overconsumption of omega-6 fatty acids can create eicosanoids which promote inflammation. If these fatty acids are consumed in excess at the expense of a balancing amount of omega-3 fatty acids, inflammatory diseases such as arthritis, cardiovascular disease, and allergic conditions may result. Balance is the essence of life.

The various metabolic pathways leading to the production of eicosanoids are complex. The pathways begin with the types of fatty acids in the diet. These in turn are converted by enzyme systems into progressively longer and more unsaturated fatty acids until they reach their eicosanoid destination. Figures 15 and 16 outline these synthetic pathways.

Desaturase and elongase enzymes responsible for these conversions vary in functionality from species to species, within the same species, and even within the same individual under differing circumstances. Additionally, it is believed, these enzyme systems can be affected adversely by various toxins and disease states. Thus not only diet, but environmental and genetic factors can influence eicosanoid balances.

In animal species, sufficient enzyme systems do not exist to permit formation of unsaturated bonds in the omega-3 and the omega-6 positions. Therefore, as discussed previously,

[ Fatty Acid Modification Image ]

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[ Eicosanoid Pathways Image ]

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omega-3 and -6 fatty acids are essential dietary constituents. Plant chloroplasts, on the other hand, have the enzyme systems necessary to form these omega-3 and -6 fatty acids and thus plant food sources become the ultimate source of these essential fatty acids for animals. This means even if an animal is a carnivore, it is consuming prey which in turn has consumed plant material containing these essential fatty acids. Such is the case for fish which concentrate high levels of omega-3 coming up to them through the food chain from phytoplankton.

A natural diet consisting of fresh, raw foods provides an entirely different spectrum of fatty acids than does the modern fare of fractionated, processed, stored, and otherwise altered foods. In a natural diet a wide range of fatty acids will be supplied in their biologically protected and active form. Fatty acids of the omega-3, -6 and -9 families will all be present in the ratios in which life was originally adapted to utilize them. Under these circumstances, eicosanoids are more likely to be properly in balance.

In the modem diet, however, it is possible to receive virtually no omega-3 fatty acids, extremely high levels of saturated fatty acids, oxidized cholesterol, trans-fatty acids and other isomers, and large proportions of omega-6 fatty acids as well as various oxidized forms of these fatty acids which result inevitably from processing. Such conditions imbalance eicosanoids by providing improper starting materials for eicosanoid synthesis and by introducing toxic elements which interfere with enzymatic pathways.

Proper nutrition should therefore be directed toward restoring the natural, unaltered diet and the elimination, as much as possible, of foods comprised of lipids in inappropriate ratios and altered from their natural forms.

References available within book text, click the following link to view this article on wysong.net:

http://www.wysong.net/articles/lipid/05_article_lipid_chapter_five_fatty_acid_pathways.shtml

For further reading, or for more information about, Dr Wysong and the Wysong Corporation please visit www.wysong.net or write to wysong@wysong.net. For resources on healthier foods for people including snacks, and breakfast cereals please visit www.cerealwysong.com.

Jessica R asked:


31. Certain cells that line the stomach synthesize a digestive enzyme and secrete it into the stomach. This
enzyme is a protein. Which of the following processes could be responsible for its secretion?
A. endocytosis
B. exocytosis
C. diffusion
D. pinocytosis
E. passive transport

32. The act of a white blood cell engulfing a bacterium is
A. osmosis.
B. diffusion.
C. receptor-mediated endocytosis.
D. pinocytosis.
E. phagocytosis.

33. The ultimate source of nearly all energy available to life on Earth is
A. photosynthesis.
B. cellular respiration.
C. electricity.
D. wind.
E. sunlight.